A cool roof is one that reflects the sun’s heat and emits absorbed radiation back into the atmosphere. The roof literally stays cooler and reduces the amount of heat transferred to the building below, keeping the building a cooler and more constant temperature. Imagine wearing a white or a black T-shirt on a hot day. By wearing the white T-shirt you will remain cooler than if you wore a black T-shirt because it reflects more sunlight and absorbs less heat. Cool roofs like a white T-shirt, keep the internal temperature of the building cooler.

However, a cool roof need not be white. There are many “cool color” products which use darker-colored pigments that are highly reflective in the near infrared (non-visible) portion of the solar spectrum. With “cool color” technologies there are roofs that come in a wide variety of colors and still maintain a high solar reflectance.

The two basic characteristics that determine the ‘coolness’ of a roof are solar reflectance (SR) and thermal emittance (TE). Both properties are rated on a scale from 0 to 1, where 1 is the most reflective or emissive. 

The CRRC measures these two properties for roofing products, both for the product’s initial values and after three years of weather exposure. The CRRC publishes the results on the online Rated Products Directory. The online Directory is available to the general public at no charge, and it allows you to compare the rated values of various product types and brands.  Visit us at www.coolroofs.org.

What are the Benefits of a Cool Roof?

There are numerous benefits in having a cool roof:

• Increase ecological sustainability factor, or make your house “greener” by:
  • Reducing your utility bills associated with air conditioning
  • Increasing occupant comfort and avoid installing an air conditioner where there isn’t already one
  • Decreasing the size and prolong the life of your air conditioning system
  • Lowering roof maintenance costs and extend roof life, avoiding reroofing costs and reducing solid waste  
• Assist your home in meeting building codes
• Mitigate your community's Urban Heat Island Effect
• Maintain aesthetics with a roof that performs and looks good
• Receive utility rebates (in some locations)

In a nut shell, a cool roof can significantly reduce your cooling energy costs and increase your comfort level by reducing temperature fluctuations inside your home.  Average energy savings range from 7%-15% of total cooling costs. 

When people think about making their home more “green” or ecologically sustainable, cool roofing isn’t always the first thing to come to mind.  However, certain green building programs, such as the U.S. Green Building Council’s LEED, give credit for installing a cool roof.  So if you are trying to save energy or make your home more environmentally-friendly, a cool roof is one way to achieve that goal. 

What is the right roofing material for your home or building?

Although the CRRC cannot recommend specific roofing products, below is a description of some things to consider in selecting a roofing product for your building, including a description of the types of roofing materials currently rated in our program. 

Slope

All roofs essentially fall into one of two general categories:  low-slope (less than 2 inches of rise over 12 inches of run) and steep-slope (2:12 or greater).  Our directory indicates which slope(s) a product is intended for. In addition, we recommend that you check with a local roofing contractor, roof consultant or architect to determine the most appropriate roofing product type for your home.

Climate

In most climate zones worldwide, cool roofs can significantly reduce a building’s cooling load. However, cool roofs can also increase heating costs in winter months. This increase is usually greatly outweighed by the cooling energy savings achieved during summer months because the sun is low in the sky during winter months, the weather tends to be overcast, and snow often covers the roof, usually making the heat gain through the roof negligible in all but the most northern climate zones in the US.

In selecting your roof, it is important to understand your climate zone and the actual energy your home or building will save. There are two cool roof calculators available online that can give good estimates of how much energy you will save. You can find them at:

DOE Cool Roof Calculator
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/roofs%2Bwalls/facts/CoolCalcEnergy.htm

EPA Cool Roof Calculator

http://www.roofcalc.com/RoofCalcBuildingInput.aspx

Product Types

Below is a list of definitions of roof product types. To Search the CRRC Rated Products Directory, click here.

• Built-up Roofing (includes asphalt and coal tar pitch): Built-up Roofing (BUR) consists of built-up layers of coated asphalt and insulation applied on site and can be covered with a capsheet (or surfacing material). The “cool” products found of the CRRC directory in this category refer to the properties of the capsheet.

• Foam Roof Systems: Foam systems can also be divided into the field-applied and factory-applied categories.  Field-applied foam systems are similar to field-applied coatings, as they are sprayed on in liquid form and harden as they set on top of the roof.  Factory-applied foam systems are formed into rigid panels and coated with a reflective coating.  The foam usually give the roof system additional insulation properties.

• Metal: Metal roofing products can be shaped to look like shingles, or shakes, or to fit unique curvatures, in addition to a typical “standing seam” configuration.  They come in a variety of textures and colors, including some darker “cool” colors with special additives that allow these dark colors to achieve significantly greater reflectance than previous versions of the same product. 

• Modified Bitumen: Modified bitumen is bitumen (asphalt or tar) modified with plastic and layered with reinforcing materials then topped with a surfacing material.  Like BURs, the radiative properties of modified bitumen (mod bit for short) are determined by the surfacing material. 

• Other: This is where the CRRC places any product that does not fit anywhere else. For example, we have a roof surfacing system, a rubber membrane, stucco, roll roofing and a few others.

• Roof Coatings:  Roof coatings can be divided into two categories: field-applied and factory-applied.  Field-applied coatings are applied directly onto the roof surface, either on a new roof assembly or over an existing roof surface (and can be applied over top of just about anything, so long as the right coating is selected). Factory-applied coatings are applied at the factory prior to distribution.  Examples of factory-applied coatings include coatings applied to metal and glazes that are applied to tiles.

• Shingles, Slate, or Tile: All of these products types use the same concept, where pieces fit together to form a roof. Asphalt shingles are fairly common for residential roofing applications, probably because they are relatively inexpensive and simple to install. Slate and tile products also come in a wide variety of colors, shapes and textures, and, because of their heavy mass, they have thermal properties that may yield additional energy savings beyond their reflectance and emittance properties.

• Single-Ply:  Single-ply roofing is a pre-fabricated sheet of rubber polymers. Single-ply roofing is laid down in a single layer over a low or steep-sloped roof. The single-ply membrane can be loose-laid and weighted down with ballast or pavers or firmly set on the roof and attached with mechanical fasteners or adhesives. There are two main types of single-ply materials:

• Single-Ply-Thermoset (includes EPDM, Hypalon): Thermosets are materials that can not be hot-air welded because it changes their physical characteristics. Instead, tape or a contact cement to seal the seams.

• Single-Ply–Thermoplastic (includes TPO, PVC, etc.): Single-Ply-Thermoplastic is a flexible sheet membrane which consists of compounded plastic polymers.  When heat is applied onto the surface, the single ply-thermoplastic seams are melded together making the material seamless and effective. Most thermoplastics are manufactured to include a reinforcement layer (usually polyester or fiberglass) for extra durability and strength.  There are various types of single-ply-thermoplastic such as PVC & TPO.  PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is a synthetic polymer prepared from vinyl chloride. It tends to be more expensive than TPO, but is well known for long-term performance and is naturally fire-retardant. TPO (thermoplastic polyolefin) is a blend of polymers that can contain flame-retardants or UV absorbers.

Product Types Currently not included in the CRRC Rating Program:

• Ballasted Roofs: Ballasted roofs are roofing systems that include a waterproof material (like a single-ply membrane) weighed down with heavy materials, called a ballast. The ballast is typically some sort of stone or concrete paver.

• Green Roofs: Green roofs (also known as garden roofs or vegetated roofs) use plants as roof covering. Though technically not highly reflective, green roofs do provide similar energy savings and urban heat island mitigation benefits as cool roofs. They also absorb water, reducing storm water runoff. Green roofs are distinct from cool roofs and are not rated by the CRRC. 

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• increased occupant comfort, especially during hot summer months

• reduced air conditioning use, resulting in energy savings typically of 10-30%

• decreased roof maintenance costs due to longer roof life.

In addition to these well known benefits to the building owner, cool roofs benefit the environment and public health in far more ways. As recognition of these benefits has become more widespread, cool roof requirements are appearing in building energy codes and green building programs across the nation.

Cool roofs directly reduce green house gas emissions by conserving electricity for air conditioning therefore emitting less CO2 from power plants. Cool roofs also cool the world independently of avoided carbon emissions, simply by reflecting the sun’s energy as light back to the atmosphere, thereby mitigating global warming.

A Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory study found that world-wide reflective roofing will produce a global cooling effect equivalent to offsetting 24 gigatons of CO2 over the lifetime of the roofs. This equates to $600 billion in savings from CO2 emissions reduction.

Cities can be 2° to 8°F warmer than surrounding areas due to dark materials, including roofs, which absorb the sun’s light energy as heat during the day and release it at night as heat.

This phenomenon removes the opportunity for air to cool down at night and results in higher temperatures being maintained longer. By immediately reflecting solar radiation back into the atmosphere and reemitting some portion of it as infrared light, cool roofs result in cooler air temperatures for the surrounding urban environment during hot summer months.

Cool roofs, through mitigation of the urban heat island effect and reduction of ambient air temperatures, in turn improve air quality. Smog is created by photochemical reactions of air pollutants and these reactions increase at higher temperatures. Therefore, by reducing the air temperature, cool roofs decrease the rate of smog formation.

Lower ambient air temperatures and the subsequent improved air quality also result in a reduction in heat-related and smog-related health issues, including heat stroke and asthma.

Because cool roofs reduce air-conditioning use during the day’s hottest periods, the associated energy savings occur when the demand for electricity is at its peak. Therefore, use of cool roofs reduces the stress on the energy grid during hot summer months and helps avoid shortages that can cause blackouts or brownouts. In addition, for building owners that pay for their energy based on the time of use, they save energy when it is at its most expensive – and hence, save more money!

Cool roofs directly reduce the air conditioning use for buildings by reducing heat gain in the building below, but they also indirectly reduce air conditioning use in urban areas by helping lower ambient air temperatures.

Therefore, with cooler daytime temperatures, buildings and vehicles use less air conditioning and save additional energy. In turn, this results in a reduction in the CO2 emissions from electricity generating power plants.

The Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) is a non-profit membership organization. Formed in 1998, the CRRC maintains a credible, third-party rating system to measure and label the radiative properties of roofing materials.

PFX Ventures LLC has been granted permission by CRRC to use this information and makes no claims about the rating as it pertains to PFX Ventures LLC dba as PermaFlexUSA.